Those with -set:
(1) ANH V. VU, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Cybercrime Center ([email protected]);
(2) Alice Hutchings, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Cybercrime Center ([email protected]);
(3) Ross Anderson, University of Cambridge, and University of Edinburgh ([email protected]).
Link
Abstract and 1 Introduction
2. Deptforming and the effects
2.1. Related work
2.2. The interruption of kiwi farms
3. methods, datasets, and ethics, and 3.1. Discussions on forum and imageeboard
3.2. Telegram chats and 3.3. Web traffic and trends in search of trends
3.4. Tweets made by the online community and 3.5. Data licensing
3.6. Ethical considerations
4. The impact on forum and traffic activity, and 4.1. The impact of major interruptions
4.2. Removal of the platform
4.3. Destruction of traffic
5. The effects of associated stakeholders and 5.1. The community that started the campaign
5.2. The responses to the industry
5.3. The forum operators
5.4. The members of the forum
6. Tensions, challenges, and implications and 6.1. The effectiveness of interruption
6.2. Censorship compared to free speech
6.3. The role of the content -moderation industry
6.4. Policy Implications
6.5. Limitations and jobs in the future
7. Conclusion, Recognition, and Reference
Appendix A.
6.3. The role of the content -moderation industry
The rapid increase of cybercrime-as-a-service throughout 2010 makes attacks easier than ever before. A teenager with as little as $ 10 can use a DDOS-for-hire service to knock on your website offline [101]Thus the controversial websites depend on grace and favor a large hosting company -Host or a DDOs contractor. This is just one aspect of a broader trend in tech: that the Internet is becoming more centralized around a small number of large companies, from online society platforms, hosting companies -Hosts, Transit Network, to service providers and exchange points [102]. While some provide moderation tools favored by content creators [103]Some say committed to fighting hate, harassment, and abuse are still not responsible for the delivery of bad online content [90]and the effort they put into resistance is variable [104], [105]. Content moderation has recently moved to the infrastructure layer [106];;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; Now that activists have forced infrastructure providers to act as content moderators, the rules are also tempted. Some may stand political or social pressure, as moderation is both expensive and difficult, but others may occasionally collapse because of political pressure or legal forcing. This will undermine the end-to-end principle of the Internet, as generated for example in COPA S 230 in the USA and EU's Net Neutrality Law [107].
Private companies must comply with and remove illegal content from their infrastructure when assigned to do so by a court order. However, consuming kiwi farms or any other customer does not violate the principle of free speech. This is essentially something contractual; They have the right to stop their support for a website that violates their policies. Infrastructure providers may sometimes need to work properly with law enforcement in the case of an imminent life threat. Most providers have worked ways to do so, but the mechanisms can be lazy. Cloudflare attempted to cooperate with law enforcement to regulate case of kiwi farms, but the process would not maintain rising threats and it ended up taking unilateral action, relying on its service terms [24]. In a good world, we will have a international legal framework for obtaining websites that have an illegal content or promoting crime; Unfortunately, this framework does not exist.
The Budapest Convention [108] Criminalishes some materials in which all states agree, such as images in child -sex abuse, but even borders are controversial [109]. Online drug markets such as Silk Road and Hansa Market have been obtained due to other laws – drug laws – which are also satisfied with international standards and cooperation. Copyright violations also draw the attention of international agreements and coordinated actions of tech majors, even though civil law plays a bigger role in it than criminal law. Then there is material about where some states feel strongly but others do not; 'A fighter of one's freedom is another person's terrorist'. And then there is a widespread seizure of fake news, animal cruelty, conspiracy theories, and other material many see unpleasant or stressful, and which social networks are moderate for the comfort of their users and their advertisers. Occasionally, lawmakers call for better policy of some of this content.
6.4. Policy Implications
Content moderation has become a political, policy, and public concern [110], [111]. The UK Online Safety Bill suggests a new regulator who will be able to apply for a court order that commands that tech companies will interfere with an unpleasant online activity [43]. One might think that ofcom's decision to overthrow Kiwi farms if their target became a resident of Britain rather than Canada, and going to various tech companies involved in the interruption we described here, delivering each other with orders signed by a judge to a high court in London. Although all companies have complied, rather than appealing or not just ignoring the court in full, it is difficult to see how an operation can be like swift, coordinated or effective as the action performed on their own initiative by the tech companies we describe here. Where the censor's ooda loop – the process by which it can be observed, orient, decide and act – involves a government agency that assesses the effects of each intervention and then goes to court to order next, the same time spends from hours to month. And in any case, government interventions in this field are often significant but rather short -lived [14], [15].
One factor that contributes to the stability of Kiwi Farms is the technical ability of the forum -owned. He is always and has been able to deal with DDOs attacks in the forum, maintaining its codebase after Xenforo stopped their license, upgrading server and network hardware, and developing DDOs protection mechanisms. The depletion can be more effective if the guardian of a blatantly illegal website can be arrested and incarcerated (or otherwise incompetent), as happened on Silk Road. With a forum like Kiwi Farms, whose operator criticized criminal acts that occurred through its infrastructure [55]The criminal law option may not be available. The art of being a provocateur includes only a short point where an aggressive response of criminal law will be followed. It exposes the limits of civil law remedies and voluntary action of platforms.
The previous job is also explored why governments are less likely to lower bad sites than private actors [11];;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; That work reviews single websites with clear illegal content, such as malware hosts, phishing lures or sex abuse images. This study shows why getting an active community is likely to be more difficult. Although some tech firms roll their sleeves and try to suppress a community whose members decide on the crime and with whom there is an affiliation in the industry, the net impact can be moderate. Our case study may be the best result that can be expected for online censorship, but it only cuts on users, posts, threads and traffic by about half. Our findings suggest that the use of the content moderation law to suppress an unpleasant online community can be difficult.
6.5. Limitations and jobs in the future
Measuring the link between physical harassment and kiwi farms, as well as the cost of actual damage caused by forum members to real -world victims, will be an important contribution. However, we lack ground-truth data about Reallife events, which cannot be observed from forum discussions. Investigation of doxxing posts that shares real-victim information will be a great start, but the main challenge is to verify the data posted by unbelievable users on the scale, in the absence of a stable way to identify users. Our forum data is limited to user transfer study from Kiwi Farms to its competitor Lolcow Farm because pseudonyms are not available at Lolcow Farm, so it's unclear if some members of Kiwi Farms have moved there.
Our data scrapers are running near real time, but there is still a chance that the messages that have been posted but removed quickly afterwards. We hope that the number of missing messages is relatively small. More perspectives can be revealed from private or protected posts because people may be more intense when posting privately. However, we will choose not to study them due to potential damage, legality, and ethical issues. Kiwi Farms is back online, and can succeed in maintaining its access to ClearNet. We will continue to monitor this, and expand our measurement of more recent incidents in a follow-up report.
